| FN | ISI Export Format |
| VR | 1.0 |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200700312893 |
| TI | Vertebrate hosts of Ixodes pacificus (Acari : Ixodidae) in California |
| AU | Castro, Martin B.; Wright, Stan A. |
| SO | Journal of Vector Ecology |
| PY | 2007 |
| PD | JUN 2007 |
| VL | 32 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 140-149 |
| BP | 140 |
| EP | 149 |
| AB | The western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, is an important parasite and vector of disease agents that affect human and animal health in the western United States. This paper presents a review of all published California host records for I. pacificus. Unpublished data from public health, academic, and vector control agencies and researchers were reviewed as well. Host species were identified for each active life stage (larvae, nymph and adult). A total of 108 vertebrate species in three classes (Mammalia, Aves, and Reptilia) were identified as hosts for at least one life stage of I. pacificus. Adult I. pacificus were recorded from 29 species of mammals, 2 species of birds, and I reptile species. Nymphal L pacificus were recorded from 30 species of mammals, 38 species of birds, and 8 reptile species. Larval L pacificus were recorded from 29 species of mammals, 43 species of birds, and 8 species of reptiles. A table depicting the taxonomic classification of host species is provided. This review adds eight new host records to the California list of recognized vertebrate host species for L pacificus. |
| SN | 1081-1710 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200700230538 |
| TI | Evidence for induced estrus or ovulation in a canid, the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) |
| AU | Asa, Cheryl S.; Bauman, Joan E.; Coonan, Timothy J.; Gray, Melissa M. |
| SO | Journal of Mammalogy |
| PY | 2007 |
| PD | APR 2007 |
| VL | 88 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 436-440 |
| BP | 436 |
| EP | 440 |
| AB | Our previous investigations of some of the lesser-known canids suggested that deviations from the patterns exhibited by the more extensively studied species such as wolves and coyotes might be found in other canids. We used fecal estrogen and progestin profiles from captive colonies to describe the basic reproductive pattern of island foxes (Urocyon littoralis). Based on sustained increases in levels of fecal progestin as indicative of ovulation, we determined that 11 of 13 females housed with males ovulated. In contrast, we detected no ovulations in 10 females housed alone and only 1 possible ovulation among 10 additional females housed in female-female pairs. Of the 2 females with males that failed to ovulate, 1 did ovulate the subsequent year while with the same male, and the other failed to ovulate when paired with a yearling male, perhaps due to his immaturity and inexperience. Significantly higher fecal estrogen levels in ovulating compared to non-ovulating females suggest that estrus was induced by the presence of a male. However, these results cannot distinguish whether male-induced estrus was followed by an induced or spontaneous ovulation, because estrogen levels indicative of estrus were always followed by ovulation. Fecal cortisol levels did not differ by ovulatory status, indicating that ovulation was not inhibited by stress mediated by glucocorticoids. Our results are the 1st to provide evidence of induced estrus, perhaps followed by induced ovulation, in a canid species, features that could have selective advantage for this less social, more secretive canid. |
| SN | 0022-2372 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200700147461 |
| TI | Dietary overlap of an alien and native carnivore on San Clemente Island, California |
| AU | Phillips, R. Brand; Winchell, Clark S.; Schmidt, Robert H. |
| SO | Journal of Mammalogy |
| PY | 2007 |
| PD | FEB 2007 |
| VL | 88 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 173-180 |
| BP | 173 |
| EP | 180 |
| AB | Predation by feral cats (Felis catus) is recognized as a major threat to native fauna worldwide, but the competitive effects of cats on native species have not been extensively studied. Cats occur on San Clemente Island, California, in sympatry with endemic island foxes (Urocyon littoralis clementae). We examined diets of cats and island foxes between years, seasons, and habitats to assess the potential for resource competition between the 2 species. Analysis of 602 cat and 958 fox feces revealed a high level of dietary overlap (0 = 0.93) and relatively narrow niche breadths for both species (B-standard (Fox) = 0.37; B-standard Cat = 0.49). Despite the overlap in diet, cats and foxes appear to partition prey resources. Cats consume approximately equal proportions of arthropod (47.9%) and vertebrate (44.2%) prey, the latter primarily rodents (29.2%) and lizards (12.9%). In contrast, foxes appear to rely more on arthropods (57.7%), with plants (20.5%) and vertebrates (21.6%) occurring in lower, but roughly equal frequencies. Season appeared to have little effect on diet; however, diet did vary between habitats and years for both species. Diets of cats on San Clemente Island are consistent with those from other studies. We found no evidence of a dietary shift by foxes that were in sympatry with cats. |
| SN | 0022-2372 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200700093310 |
| TI | Archaeological implications of a bald eagle nesting site at Ferrelo Point, San Miguel Island, California |
| AU | Erlandson, Jon M.; Rick, Torbert C.; Collins, Paul W.; Guthrie, Daniel A. |
| SO | Journal of Archaeological Science |
| PY | 2007 |
| PD | FEB 2007 |
| VL | 34 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 255-271 |
| BP | 255 |
| EP | 271 |
| AB | Numerous animals transport marine or other aquatic food remains to terrestrial landforms, where they may be commingled and confused with cultural constituents in archaeological sites. To help understand Such processes, we studied ail historic bald eagle nest located on California's San Miguel Island. Excavation of the nest and surface collection of the Surrounding area produced nearly 10,000 faunal elements, 98% of them from vertebrates (birds, fish, reptiles and mammals) and 2% from mollusks and other invertebrates. The remains of over 90 taxa were identified, including at least 45 types of birds. 29 marine mollusks and other invertebrates, 13 marine fishes, 4 land mammals, 3 marine mammals, and I reptile. Among the faunal elements recovered were those of domestic sheep, three types of pinnipeds, thousands of fish and sea bird bones, and several large abalone shells. Many of the marine species identified are common Constituents of Channel Island shell middens and the location of the eagle nest on the margins of an archaeological site Suggests that cultural and biological accumulations Could be confused. Our analysis demonstrates that archaeologists working on sites in coastal, riverine, or lacustrine settings should carefully consider the possibility of non-cultural origins of marine or aquatic faunal remains and their potential association with archaeological materials. Comparison of archaeological assemblages with the taxonomic and element data provided in this study may help researchers differentiate natural from cultural accumulations Of faunal remains. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
| SN | 0305-4403 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200700059093 |
| TI | Serologic survey of the island spotted skunk on Santa Cruz Island |
| AU | Bakker, Victoria J.; Van Vuren, Dirk H.; Crooks, Kevin R.; Scott, Cheryl A.; Wilcox, Jeffery T.; Garcelon, David K. |
| SO | Western North American Naturalist |
| PY | 2006 |
| PD | OCT 2006 |
| VL | 66 |
| IS | 4 |
| PS | 456-461 |
| BP | 456 |
| EP | 461 |
| AB | Two rare endemic carnivores occur on California's northern Channel Islands: island spotted skunks (Spilogale gracilis amphiala) and island foxes (Urocyon littoralis). As insular carnivores, both may be particularly vulnerable to novel pathogens. We tested sera from 31 island spotted skunks on Santa Cruz Island, where both skunks and foxes occur syrnpatrically, to establish their exposure to disease agents. One skunk (3%) tested positive for canine heartworm, and 3 skunks (10%) tested positive for canine parvovirus. None showed evidence of exposure to canine adenovirus, canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus, Leptospira bacteria (serovars pomona, canicola, and icterohaemorrhagiae), or pseudorabies virus. Spotted skunks on Santa Cruz Island apparently have low susceptibility or exposure to these pathogens and are unlikely to be reservoirs of these diseases for island foxes. |
| SN | 1527-0904 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200700041656 |
| TI | Ecological correlates of extra-group paternity in mammals |
| AU | Isvaran, Kavita; Clutton-Brock, Tim |
| SO | Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B |
| PY | 2007 |
| PD | JAN 22 2007 |
| VL | 274 |
| IS | 1607 |
| PS | 219-224 |
| BP | 219 |
| EP | 224 |
| AB | Extra-group paternity ( EGP) can form an important part of the mating system in birds and mammals. However, our present understanding of its extent and ecology comes primarily from birds. Here, we use data from 26 species and phylogenetic comparative methods to explore interspecific variation in EGP in mammals and test prominent ecological hypotheses for this variation. We found extensive EGP ( 46% of species showed more than 20% EGP), indicating that EGP is likely to play an important role in the mating system and the dynamics of sexual selection in mammals. Variation in EGP was most closely correlated with the length of the mating season. As the length of the mating season increased, EGP declined, suggesting that it is increasingly difficult for males to monopolize their social mates when mating seasons are short and overlap among females in oestrus is likely to be high. EGP was secondarily correlated with the number of females in a breeding group, consistent with the idea that as female clustering increases, males are less able to monopolize individual females. Finally, EGP was not related to social mating system, suggesting that the opportunities for the extra-group fertilizations and the payoffs involved do not consistently vary with social mating system. |
| SN | 0962-8452 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200600444068 |
| TI | Canine vaccination - Providing broader benefits for disease control |
| AU | Cleaveland, Sarah; Kaare, Magai; Knobel, Darryn; Laurenson, M. Karen |
| SO | Veterinary Microbiology |
| PY | 2006 |
| PD | OCT 5 2006 |
| VL | 117 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 43-50 |
| BP | 43 |
| EP | 50 |
| AB | This paper reviews the broader benefits of canine vaccination to human and animal health and welfare with an emphasis on the impacts of mass dog vaccination against rabies in countries of the less-developed world. Domestic dogs are the source of infection for the vast majority (> 95%) of cases of human rabies worldwide, and dogs remain the principal reservoir throughout Africa and Asia. Canine vaccination against rabies has been shown to dramatically reduce the number of cases in dogs, the incidence of human animal-bite injuries (and hence the demand for costly post-exposure prophylaxis) and the likely number of human cases, primarily in children. Further benefits include the mitigation of the psychological consequences of rabies in a community, improved attitudes towards animals and animal welfare and reduced livestock losses from canine rabies. Mass vaccination has recently been used in the conservation management of wild carnivore populations threatened by transmission of rabies and canine distemper virus from domestic dog populations. Vaccination of wildlife hosts directly may also provide an option for mitigating infectious disease threats. The development of integrated control measures involving public health, veterinary, wildlife conservation and animal welfare agencies is needed to ensure that control of canine diseases becomes a reality in Africa and Asia. The tools and delivery systems are all available-all that is needed is the political will to free the world from the ongoing tragedy of these diseases. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| SN | 0378-1135 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200600321866 |
| TI | Pathogen exposure in endangered island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations: Implications for conservation management |
| AU | Clifford, Deana L.; Mazet, Jonna A. K.; Dubovi, Edward J.; Garcelon, David K.; Coonan, Timothy J.; Conrad, Patricia A.; Munson, Linda |
| SO | Biological Conservation |
| PY | 2006 |
| PD | AUG 2006 |
| VL | 131 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 230-243 |
| BP | 230 |
| EP | 243 |
| AB | Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations on four California Channel islands have declined severely since 1994. Canine distemper (CDV) was suspected to be responsible for the decline of the Santa Catalina Island fox, so knowledge of infectious disease exposure in the remaining island fox populations was urgently needed. This study reviewed previous pathogen exposure in island foxes and investigated the current threat by conducting a serologic survey of foxes on all islands and sympatric feral cats on three islands from 2001 to 2003 for antibodies against canid pathogens. Before the decline, foxes had evidence of exposure to CDV, canine adenovirus (CAV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and Toxoplasma, with exposure to these five pathogens differing greatly by island. Exposure to canine coronavims (CCV), canine herpesvirus (CHV), and Leptospira was rare. In 2001-2003, wild-born foxes had evidence of exposure to CDV (5.2-32.8%) on 5 of 6 islands, CPV (28-100%) and CAV (4.7-100%) on five islands, and Toxoplasma gondii (2.3-15.4%) on four islands. Exposure to CCV, CHV and Leptospira was less common. Sharing of infectious agents between sympatric foxes and feral cats appeared minimal, but CDV exposure was detected in two cats on Santa Catalina Island. Domestic dogs have historically been present on the islands, but it is not known if canine diseases can be maintained in fox populations without the continual presence of dogs. Targeted vaccination programs against the most virulent pathogens and continued intensive disease surveillance may help protect the critically small remaining fox populations from disease outbreaks that could threaten the success of ongoing conservation efforts. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
| SN | 0006-3207 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200510034970 |
| TI | Ants as first intermediate hosts of Mesocestoides on San Miguel Island, USA |
| AU | Padgett, K. A.; Boyce, W. M. |
| SO | Journal of Helminthology |
| PY | 2005 |
| PD | MAR 05 |
| VL | 79 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 67-73 |
| BP | 67 |
| EP | 73 |
| AB | This study tested the hypotheses that ants (Formicidae) function as a first intermediate host of Mesocestoides (Cestoda: Mesocestoididae) and that deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) develop metacestode infections after ingesting cysticercoid or procercoid-infected ants. Field studies were conducted at an island fox (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) breeding facility located on San Miguel Island, California Channel Islands National Park, USA, where > 40% of captive foxes were infected with adult Mesocestoides. Eight percent (8%) of deer mice at the fox pen site were infected with Mesocestoides metacestodes while none were infected at a distant site where foxes were absent (campground), thereby indicating the potential localized presence of a first intermediate host. To test whether ants from San Miguel Island contained Mesocestoides DNA, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay was developed using nested primers that could detect a single hexacanth larva within pooled samples of ten ants. Ants (Lasius niger and Tapinoma sessile) collected near the fox breeding facility were tested using the nested-PCR assay. Seven of 223 pooled samples of L. niger (3.1%) and 2 of 84 pooled samples of T. sessile (2.4%) tested positive for Mesocestoides DNA, while none of the ants were positive at the campground site. Positive samples were sequenced and found to match DNA sequences from Mesocestoides obtained from island fox and deer mice. Finally, to determine whether ants function as a first intermediate host for Mesocestoides, colony-raised deer mice (n=47) were fed L. niger (n=3860) or T. sessile (n=339) collected from the San Miguel Island fox breeding facility. No mouse became infected with Mesocestoides metacestodes after ingesting ants. While both L. niger and T. sessile from SMI were positive for Mesocestoides DNA, they were not infective to deer mice in the laboratory. |
| SN | 0022-149X |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200510006560 |
| TI | A population viability analysis for the Island Fox on Santa Catalina Island, California |
| AU | Kohmann, Stephan G.; Schmidt, Gregory A.; Garcelon, David K. |
| SO | Ecological Modelling |
| PY | 2005 |
| PD | APR 10 05 |
| VL | 183 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 77-94 |
| BP | 77 |
| EP | 94 |
| AB | The island fox (Urocyon littoralis) on Santa Catalina Island is among the most imperiled species on the Channel Islands due to a recent outbreak of canine distemper virus (CDV). The western subpopulation, which was not exposed to CDV, is a crucial element in the recovery of foxes by providing a source of animals for translocation and captive breeding. Using the program VORTEX, we developed a population viability analysis for the Santa Catalina Island fox to (1) address the likelihood of population persistence, (2) estimate the current susceptibility of the population to catastrophic events, and (3) evaluate the efficacy of current restoration strategies of releasing captive bred foxes and transplanting wild animals. Overall, we found the population to be susceptible to catastrophic events; a 50% increase in mortality every 20 years was sufficient to elevate the extinction risk above 5%. Current management activities entail the transplanting of 12 juvenile foxes annually, which may reduce the viability of the western subpopulation. A minimum population size of at least 150 foxes should be maintained in each subpopulation to reduce the risk of extinction due to demographic stochasticity. Releases of translocated and captive bred animals affect the speed of recovery on the eastern half of Catalina Island, but not the probability of extinction, which is near zero under current conditions. We conducted a sensitivity analysis for demographic parameters by incrementally varying survival, fecundity and density-dependence parameters, while holding all other parameters constant. Sensitivity analyses identified mortality and mean litter size as the most sensitive parameters, while the implementation of density-dependence and environmental variation of model parameters did not seem to affect population performance. We conclude that the population of island foxes on Santa Catalina is currently at a critically low population level, but recovery of the species appears possible. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| SN | 0304-3800 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200500188731 |
| TI | Decline of an island fox subspecies to near extinction |
| AU | Coonan, Timothy J.; Schwemm, Catherin A.; Roemer, Gary W.; Garcelon, David K.; Munson, Linda |
| SO | Southwestern Naturalist |
| PY | 2005 |
| PD | March 2005 |
| VL | 50 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 32-41 |
| BP | 32 |
| EP | 41 |
| ME | |
| AB | We documented a catastrophic decline in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) population on San Miguel Island from 1994 to 1999, and used radiotelemetry to investigate mortality causes in the latter part of the decline. Annual population monitoring via capture-mark-recapture techniques revealed that densities of adult foxes declined up to 100% on 3 trapping grids monitored during the study period. The estimated population size on San Miguel declined from 450 adults in 1994 to less than 20 in 1999. Apparent survival of all age classes declined over the study. A radiotelemetry-based survival study conducted in 1998 and 1999 revealed high winter mortality, most likely due to golden eagle (Aquila. chrysaetos) predation. Necropsy of 7 carcasses during the study period confirmed raptor predation for 5 carcasses. Three carcasses were infested with a pathogenic parasite, Angiocaulus gubernaculatus, not found in island fox populations on San Nicolas, San Clemente, Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, or Santa Rosa Islands, and 2 carcasses had Uncinaria stenocephala and colonic granulomas from Spirocerca infection. Because pup production was low and reproductive effort limited in young females, the island fox population on San Miguel is unlikely to recover without significant intervention. In 1999, 14 island foxes were brought into captivity and only 1 was known to exist in the wild on San Miguel Island. |
| SN | 0038-4909 (ISSN print) |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200500043080 |
| TI | Latrine use by San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) and coyotes (Canis latrans) |
| AU | Ralls, Katherine; Smith, Deborah A. |
| SO | Western North American Naturalist |
| PY | 2004 |
| PD | October 2004 |
| VL | 64 |
| IS | 4 |
| PS | 544-547 |
| BP | 544 |
| EP | 547 |
| ME | |
| SN | 1527-0904 (ISSN print) |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200400324907 |
| TI | Foxy MHC selection story |
| AU | Hedrick, P. |
| SO | Heredity |
| PY | 2004 |
| PD | September 2004 |
| VL | 93 |
| IS | 3 |
| PS | 237-238 |
| BP | 237 |
| EP | 238 |
| ME | |
| SN | 0018-067X |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200400279024 |
| TI | Predators and prey in the Channel Islands - Response |
| AU | Roemer, Gary W.; Woodroffe, Rosie; Courchamp, Franck |
| SO | Science (Washington D C) |
| PY | 2004 |
| PD | August 6, 2004 |
| VL | 305 |
| IS | 5685 |
| PS | 778 |
| ME | |
| SN | 0036-8075 (ISSN print) |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200400279023 |
| TI | Predators and prey in the Channel Islands |
| AU | Helgen, Kristofer M. |
| SO | Science (Washington D C) |
| PY | 2004 |
| PD | August 6, 2004 |
| VL | 305 |
| IS | 5685 |
| PS | 777-778 |
| BP | 777 |
| EP | 778 |
| ME | |
| SN | 0036-8075 (ISSN print) |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200400279022 |
| TI | Predators and prey in the Channel Islands |
| AU | Dratch, Peter; Coonan, Tim; Graber, David |
| SO | Science (Washington D C) |
| PY | 2004 |
| PD | August 6, 2004 |
| VL | 305 |
| IS | 5685 |
| PS | 777 |
| ME | |
| SN | 0036-8075 (ISSN print) |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200400159407 |
| TI | High MHC diversity maintained by balancing selection in an otherwise genetically monomorphic mammal. |
| AU | Aguilar, Andres; Roemer, Gary; Debenham, Sally; Binns, Matthew; Garcelon, David; Wayne, Robert K. |
| SO | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
| PY | 2004 |
| PD | March 9, 2004 |
| VL | 101 |
| IS | 10 |
| PS | 3490-3494 |
| BP | 3490 |
| EP | 3494 |
| ME | |
| AB | The San Nicolas Island fox (Urocyon littoralis dickeyi) is genetically the most monomorphic sexually reproducing animal population yet reported and has no variation in hypervariable genetic markers. Such low levels of variation imply lower resistance to pathogens, reduced fitness, and problems in distinguishing kin from non-kin. In vertebrates, the MHC contains genes that influence disease resistance and kin recognition and may be under intense balancing selection in some populations. Hence, genetic variation at the MHC might persist despite the extreme monomorphism shown by neutral markers. We examine variation of five loci within the MHC of San Nicolas Island foxes and find remarkably high levels of variation. Further, we show by simulation that genetic monomorphism at neutral loci and high MHC variation could arise only through an extreme population bottleneck of <10 individuals, apprxeq10-20 generations ago, accompanied by unprecedented selection coefficients of >0.5 on MHC loci. These results support the importance of balancing selection as a mechanism to maintain variation in natural populations and expose the difficulty of using neutral markers as surrogates for variation in fitness-related loci. |
| SN | 0027-8424 (ISSN print) |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200400152896 |
| TI | Life-history studies on two molecular strains of Mesocestoides (Cestoda: Mesocestoididae): Identification of sylvatic hosts and infectivity of immature life stages. |
| AU | Padgett, Kerry A.; Boyce, Walter M. |
| SO | Journal of Parasitology |
| PY | 2004 |
| PD | February 2004 |
| VL | 90 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 108-113 |
| BP | 108 |
| EP | 113 |
| ME | |
| AB | Life-cycle studies were conducted on 2 molecular strains of Mesocestoides tapeworms that represent different evolutionary lineages (clades A and B). Wild carnivores, reptiles, and rodents were examined for tapeworm infections at 2 enzootic sites: (1) San Miguel Island (SMI), a small island off the coast of southern California and (2) Hopland Research and Extension Center (HREC), a field station in northern California. Results indicate that deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) may play an important role in the life cycles of Mesocestoides (clades A and B) in California. Over half the coyotes at HREC and at least a third of the population of island fox (Urocyon littoralis) at SMI were found to harbor clade A adult Mesocestoides spp. One of every 4 Mesocestoides-infected coyotes had tapeworms representing both clades A and B. Experimental inoculations revealed that proglottids (clades A and B) were not directly infectious to rodents, reptiles, or dogs. On the other hand, mice, lizards, and hamsters fed tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides spp. (clades A or B) developed peritoneal tetrathyridial infections. A dog that was fed tetrathyridia (clade B) developed an adult tapeworm infection. Acephalic metacestodes given orally to western fence lizards, laboratory mice, or domestic dogs did not result in metacestode or adult tapeworm infections. Whereas most clade A acephalic metacestodes from dogs were asexually proliferative, clade A tetrathyridia isolated from wild deer mice did not show evidence of asexual replication. Our study supports the hypothesis that a second, as of yet unidentified, intermediate host is necessary to complete the life cycles of Mesocestoides spp., and that acephalic metacestodes represent an aberrant form, incapable of further development. |
| SN | 0022-3395 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200400020034 |
| TI | Removing protected populations to save endangered species. |
| AU | Courchamp, Franck; Woodroffe, Rosie; Roemer, Gary |
| SO | Science (Washington D C) |
| PY | 2003 |
| PD | 28 November, 2003 |
| VL | 302 |
| IS | 5650 |
| PS | 1532-1533 |
| BP | 1532 |
| EP | 1533 |
| ME | |
| SN | 0036-8075 (ISSN print) |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200300337777 |
| TI | Conservation in conflict: The tale of two endangered species. |
| AU | Roemer, Gary W.; Wayne, Robert K. |
| SO | Conservation Biology |
| PY | 2003 |
| PD | October 2003 |
| VL | 17 |
| IS | 5 |
| PS | 1251-1260 |
| BP | 1251 |
| EP | 1260 |
| ME | |
| AB | With its umbrella of provisions, the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) provides critical protection to threatened or endangered wildlife. It provides minimal guidance, however, on identifying taxa worthy of conservation, lacks guidelines for resolving endangered species conflicts, and subsequent recovery programs often focus on the species rather than the ecosystem. These deficiencies are exemplified by the recovery program for the San Clemente Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) and the recent proposed rule to grant federal protection to one of its predators, the island fox (Urocyon littoralis). Recovery actions that have included euthanasia of foxes have likely contributed to a 40-60% decline in the population size of the San Clemente Island fox (U. l. clementae), a subspecies listed by the state of California as threatened. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposes to list four other subspecies of the island fox as endangered but excludes the San Clemente Island fox and the sixth and last subspecies, the San Nicolas Island fox (U. l. dickeyi), ignoring their evolutionary distinctness and the recent decline in population size of U. l. clementae. Using published morphological and genetic information, we show that the shrike's current taxonomic and legal status should be reevaluated. We also reexamine the current recovery program for the shrike and conclude that the implementation of the ESA's provisions to protect the shrike was species-centric. The shrike recovery program is primarily centered on two approaches: the release of captive-bred shrikes and control of native and non-native predators. The predator control program has contributed to the endangerment of the distinct San Clemente Island fox. Given that five of the six fox subspecies face extirpation, the proposed rule to list only four of the six as endangered is inadequate. This endangered-species conflict might have been avoided through a more balanced ecosystem approach that considers the ecological role of all native taxa and strives to enhance habitats critical to both the shrike and the fox. |
| SN | 0888-8892 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200300330935 |
| TI | Assessment of population differentiation using DNA fingerprinting and modified Wright's FST-statistics. |
| AU | Petrosyan, V. G.; Tokarskaya, O. N.; Kashentseva, T. A.; Ryskov, A. P. |
| SO | Genetika |
| PY | 2003 |
| PD | February 2003 |
| VL | 39 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 229-235 |
| BP | 229 |
| EP | 235 |
| ME | |
| AB | Using our results and literature data on multilocus DNA fingerprinting, we propose a method of obtaining unbiased estimates of the between-population genetic similarity index and a measure of population subdivision based on modified Wright's FST-statistics. On the basis of multiple comparison T2 Hotelling's test and Holmes' procedure, the FST-statistics was applied to assess differentiation of four (Pacific and Atlantic) subpopulations of humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae, six populations of Californian island gray fox Urocyon littoralis, and geographically isolated Ob' and Yakutia populations of Siberian white crane Crus leucogeranus. It was shown that the regional humpback whale subpopulations do not constitute a single panmictic unit (P<10-4). The subdivision index of the Pacific and Atlantic populations expressed in terms of FST-statistics varied from 0.101 to 0.157. The differentiation estimates for the island fox populations, which ranged from 0.2109 to 0.4027, indicate that subdivision of these populations is a function of the distance between the islands, island size, and population size. In particular, the smallest and the greatest differences were found respectively between the populations of the geographically closest northern islands (FST=0.2157, FST=0.2109) and between those of the most distant northern and southern islands (FST=0.4027, FST=0.3869). Subdivision of the island populations with minimum areas and low population number was intermediate (FST=0.3789). Mean values of heterozygosity, within-population genetic similarity index, and the number of coinciding fragments for two random individuals of Siberian white crane from the Ob' and Yakutia population were not statistically significantly different (Pgtoreq0.852, (Pgtoreq0.491, (Pgtoreq0.325). However, pairwise comparisons of mean FST values indicated that the differentiation estimates for samples from these populations fall within the limits of population subdivision (P=0.01). The subdivision estimate (0.108-0.133) of various groups of Siberian white cranes is comparable to interregional subdivision of humpback whale. Based on the results of this study, we recommend the approach based on modified Wright's FST-statistics for studying genetic population structure aimed at detecting population subdivision. |
| SN | 0016-6758 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200200120303 |
| TI | Feral pigs facilitate hyperpredation by golden eagles and indirectly cause the decline of the island fox |
| AU | Roemer, Gary W.; Coonan, Timothy J.; Garcelon, David K.; Bascompte, Jordi; Laughrin, Lyndal |
| SO | Animal Conservation |
| PY | 2001 |
| PD | November, 2001 |
| VL | 4 |
| IS | 4 |
| PS | 307-318 |
| BP | 307 |
| EP | 318 |
| ME | |
| AB | Introduced species can compete with, prey upon or transmit disease to native forms, resulting in devastation of indigenous communities. A more subtle but equally severe effect of exotic species is as a supplemental food source for predators that allows them to increase in abundance and then overexploit native prey species. Here we show that the introduction of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) to the California Channel Islands has sustained an unnaturally large breeding population of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), a native predator. The resulting increase in predation on the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) has caused the near extirpation of three subspecies of this endemic carnivore. Foxes evolved on the islands over the past 20,000 years, pigs were introduced in the 1850s and golden eagles, historically, were only transient visitors. Although these three species have been sympatric for the past 150 years, this predator-prey interaction is a recent phenomenon, occurring within the last decade. We hypothesize that this interaction ultimately stems from human-induced perturbations to the island, mainland and surrounding marine environments. |
| SN | 1367-9430 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200100358816 |
| TI | Angiocaulus gubernaculatus in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) from the California Channel Islands and comments on the diagnosis of angiostrongylidae nematodes in canid and mustelid hosts |
| AU | Faulkner, Charles T.; Patton, Sharon; Munson, Linda; Johnson, Eileen M.; Coonan, Timothy J. |
| SO | Journal of Parasitology |
| PY | 2001 |
| PD | October, 2001 |
| VL | 87 |
| IS | 5 |
| PS | 1174-1176 |
| BP | 1174 |
| EP | 1176 |
| ME | |
| AB | Adult nematode parasites were recovered from the heart blood of a deceased island fox (Urocyon littoralis) submitted for necropsy to determine the cause of death. Examination of the recovered nematodes supported the generic diagnosis of Angiocaulus, a parasite in Angiostrongylidae found in domestic and wild canids and mustelids. Specific diagnosis of the worms from the island fox as Angiocaulus gubernaculatus is based on the morphology of the dorsal ray in the copulatory bursa of the male worm and its comparison with published descriptions of Angiocaulus raillieti and A. gubernaculatus. Although A. gubernaculatus has been typically associated with mustelid hosts, its occurrence in the island fox indicates that the host distribution for the parasite may not be as restricted as previously believed. |
| SN | 0022-3395 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200100332123 |
| TI | The behavioural ecology of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) |
| AU | Roemer, Gary W.; Smith, Deborah A.; Garcelon, David K.; Wayne, Robert K. |
| SO | Journal of Zoology (London) |
| PY | 2001 |
| PD | September, 2001 |
| VL | 255 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 1-14 |
| BP | 1 |
| EP | 14 |
| ME | |
| AB | Insular populations typically occur at higher densities, have higher survivorship, reduced fecundity, decreased dispersal, and reduced aggression compared to their mainland counterparts. Insularity may also affect mating system and genetic population structure. However, these factors have not been examined simultaneously in any island vertebrate. Here we report on the ecological, behavioural and genetic characteristics of a small carnivore, the island fox Urocyon littoralis, from Fraser Point, Santa Cruz Island, California. Dispersal distances in island foxes are very low (mean 1.39 km, SD 1.26, range 0.16-3.58 km, n=8). Home-range size is one of the smallest (mean annual home range=0.55 km2, SD 0.2, n=14) and density is nearly the highest recorded for any canid species (2.4-15.9 foxes/km2). Similar to other fox species, island foxes are distributed as mated pairs that maintain discrete territories. Overlap among mated pairs was always high (mean 0.85, SD 0.05), while overlap among neighbours (mean 0.11, SD 0.13), regardless of sex, was low. Despite this high degree of territoriality, island foxes are not strictly monogamous. Four of 16 offspring whose parents were identified by paternity analysis were a result of extra-pair fertilizations. Mated pairs were unrelated, however, suggesting inbreeding avoidance. Substantial population differentiation was found between the Fraser Point subpopulation and one only 13 km away (Fst=0.11). We suggest that the primary effect of finite island area is to limit dispersal, which then influences the demography, behaviour and genetic structure of island fox populations. |
| SN | 0952-8369 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200100217920 |
| TI | Ectoparasites of the island fox on Santa Cruz Island |
| AU | Crooks, Kevin R.; Scott, Cheryl A.; Angeloni, Lisa; Bowen, Lizabeth; Kimsey, Robert B.; Van Vuren, Dirk H. |
| SO | Journal of Wildlife Diseases |
| PY | 2001 |
| PD | January, 2001 |
| VL | 37 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 189-193 |
| BP | 189 |
| EP | 193 |
| ME | |
| AB | The ectoparasite fauna for island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) on Santa Cruz Island (California, USA) in April (wet season) and September (dry season) 1998 was evaluated. Three taxa of ectoparasites were identified. These were fleas (Pulex irritans), lice (Neotrichodectes mephitidis), and ticks (Ixodes pacificus). Ectoparasite abundances varied seasonally. Typical of insular endemic species, island foxes may be especially vulnerable to the introduction of novel disease organisms and their vectors. |
| SN | 0090-3558 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200100208264 |
| TI | Hematology and serum chemistry of the island fox on Santa Cruz Island |
| AU | Crooks, Kevin R.; Scott, Cheryl A.; Bowen, Lizabeth; Van Vuren, Dirk |
| SO | Journal of Wildlife Diseases |
| PY | 2000 |
| PD | April, 2000 |
| VL | 36 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 397-404 |
| BP | 397 |
| EP | 404 |
| ME | |
| AB | Serum and hematologic biochemistry values for island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) on Santa Cruz Island (California, USA) in April (wet season) and September (dry season) 1998 were evaluated. Serum chemistry of island foxes generally varied seasonally; 10 (40%) of the 25 serum characteristics were higher in the wet season, and three (12%) of the 25 serum characteristics were higher in the dry season. No hematologic parameters varied between seasons, although some measures varied between sexes. Blood analytes also varied with age; fox pups had higher values than adults for one hematologic and four serum parameters, whereas adult foxes had higher values for five hematologic characteristics. The information on blood chemistry provides baseline data useful in the monitoring of this threatened insular endemic carnivore. |
| SN | 0090-3558 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200100200712 |
| TI | Spatial and temporal variation in the seroprevalence of canine heartworm antigen in the island fox |
| AU | Roemer, Gary W.; Coonan, Timothy J.; Garcelon, David K.; Starbird, Christopher H.; McCall, John W. |
| SO | Journal of Wildlife Diseases |
| PY | 2000 |
| PD | October, 2000 |
| VL | 36 |
| IS | 4 |
| PS | 723-728 |
| BP | 723 |
| EP | 728 |
| ME | |
| AB | Island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) are endemic to six of the eight California Channel Islands (USA). The island fox is classified as a threatened species by the State of California, and recently three of the six subspecies have experienced abrupt population declines. As part of a continuing effort to determine the cause of the declines, we tested island fox serum samples collected in 1988 (n = 176) and 1997-98 (n = 156) over the entire geographic range of the species for seroprevalence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) antigen. Using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PetChek(R), Idexx Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine, USA) we detected heartworm antigen in four of the six populations of island foxes. On San Miguel and Santa Rosa Islands, seroprevalence in adult foxes was >85% (n = 62) in 1988 and increased to 100% (n = 24) in 1997-98. On Santa Cruz Island, seroprevalence in adult foxes decreased from 83% (n = 30) to 58% (n = 26), whereas on San Nicolas Island, seroprevalence increased from 25% (n = 32) to 77% (n = 30) during the same period. All of the pups assayed (n = 33) were seronegative. The seroprevalences of heartworm reported herein for the four populations of island foxes are the highest yet reported for a fox species. However, additional demographic data reported elsewhere suggests that heartworm has not been a major factor in the recent declines of island fox populations. |
| SN | 0090-3558 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD200100110287 |
| TI | Exotic disease and an insular endemic carnivore, the island fox |
| AU | Crooks, Kevin R.; Scott, Cheryl A.; Van Vuren, Dirk H. |
| SO | Biological Conservation |
| PY | 2001 |
| PD | March, 2001 |
| VL | 98 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 55-60 |
| BP | 55 |
| EP | 60 |
| ME | |
| AB | Diseases pose serious threats to rare species, and mammalian carnivores on islands may be especially susceptible. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of an exotic pathogen, heartworm, in an insular endemic carnivore, the island fox. Because the island fox is an insular endemic and presumably vulnerable to exotic parasites, we expected that the prevalence of heartworm would be higher in island foxes than in their closest relative, the mainland gray fox. We also determined the age structure of island foxes; because heartworm is a progressive disease that may ultimately be fatal, we suspected that heartworm infection might contribute to a shift to a relatively young age structure, reflecting increased mortality of older individuals. We found that 78% of the island foxes tested positive for heartworm antigen, in contrast to a 5% prevalence of antigen-positive results in gray foxes on mainland California. Few mature or old foxes existed in the island fox population compared with two decades ago. Our results expose heartworm as a possible threat to island foxes, and underscore the vulnerability of insular endemic species to exotic parasites. |
| SN | 0006-3207 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199900204424 |
| TI | Food provisioning by island foxes, Urocyon littoralis, to conspecifics caught in traps |
| AU | Garcelon, David K.; Roemer, Gary W.; Philips, R. Brand; Coonan, Timothy J. |
| SO | Southwestern Naturalist |
| PY | 1999 |
| PD | March, 1999 |
| VL | 44 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 83-86 |
| BP | 83 |
| EP | 86 |
| ME | |
| AB | Prey items were found outside of welded-wire cage traps containing island fox pups (Urocyon littoralis) on 24 occasions and outside of traps containing adult foxes on 11 occasions. Prey items included mice, lizards, and birds. Island fox pups were observed foraging with adults and were caught with adults in the same trap on 22 ocasions. We believe fox pups receive extended parental care and were provisioned while in the traps. |
| SN | 0038-4909 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199900111821 |
| TI | The use of microsatellite variation to infer population structure and demographic history in a natural model system |
| AU | Goldstein, David B.; Roemer, Gary W.; Smith, Deborah A.; Reich, David E.; Bergman, Aviv; Wayne, Robert K. |
| SO | Genetics |
| PY | 1999 |
| PD | Feb., 1999 |
| VL | 151 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 797-801 |
| BP | 797 |
| EP | 801 |
| ME | |
| AB | To assess the reliability of genetic markers it is important to compare inferences that are base on them to a priori expectations. In this article we present an analysis of microsatellite variation within and among microsatelite populations of island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) on California's Channel Islands. We first show that microsatellite variation at a moderate number of loci (19) can provide an essentially perfect description of the boundaries between populations and an accurate representation of their historical relationships. We also show that the pattern of variation across unlinked microsatellite loci can be used to test whether population size has been constant or increasing. Application of these approaches to the island fox system indicates that microsatellite variation may carry considerably more information about population history than is currently being used. |
| SN | 0016-6731 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199699181037 |
| TI | Spatial organization of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) on Santa Cruz Island, California |
| AU | Crooks, Kevin R.; Van Vuren, Dirk |
| SO | Journal of Mammalogy |
| PY | 1996 |
| PD | 1996 |
| VL | 77 |
| IS | 3 |
| PS | 801-806 |
| BP | 801 |
| EP | 806 |
| AB | We measured size and overlap of home ranges and core areas to evaluate the spatial organization of island foxes on Santa Cruz Island, California. Home ranges and core areas did not differ significantly between study areas, genders, or the wet and dry season. Consistent with island vertebrates elsewhere, home ranges of island foxes were considerably smaller than those of gray foxes, their closest relatives. The social organization of island foxes, however, was similar to that of gray foxes and primarily consisted of male-female pairs occupying home ranges with core areas that overlapped little with those of adjacent pairs. Substantial spatial overlap between pair members, lack of intersexual differences in size of home range, slight physical dimorphism, and equal sex ratios suggest that island foxes may be monogamous. |
| SN | 0022-2372 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199699038431 |
| TI | Estimating gene flow in island populations |
| AU | Rannala, Bruce; Hartigan, J. A. |
| SO | Genetical Research |
| PY | 1996 |
| PD | 1996 |
| VL | 67 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 147-158 |
| BP | 147 |
| EP | 158 |
| AB | A new method is presented for estimating the rate of gene flow into island populations using the distribution of alleles in samples from a number of islands. The pseudo maximum likelihood estimator (PMLE) that we derive may be applied to species with either discrete or continuous generation times. For Wright's discrete-generation island model, the method provides an estimate of theta = 2Nm where N is the (haploid) population size on each island and m is the fraction of individuals replaced by immigrants in each generation. For a continuous-generation island model, the corresponding parameter theta is the ratio of the immigration rate vphi to the individual birth rate lambda. Monte Carlo simulations are used to compare the statistical properties of the PMLE with those of two alternative estimators of theta derived from Wright's F-statistics. The PMLE is shown to have greatest efficiency (least mean square error) in most cases for a wide range of sample sizes and parameter values. The PMLE is applied to estimate theta using mtDNA haplotypes and allozymes for subdivided populations of African elephants and Channel Island foxes. |
| SN | 0016-6723 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199598419741 |
| TI | Urocyon littoralis (Baird, 1858) |
| AU | Moore, Claybourne M.; Collins, Paul W. |
| SO | Mammalian Species |
| PY | 1995 |
| PD | 1995 |
| VL | 0 |
| IS | 489 |
| PS | 1-7 |
| BP | 1 |
| EP | 7 |
| SN | 0076-3519 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199497543364 |
| TI | Demography and status of the island fox and the island spotted skunk on Santa Cruz Island, California |
| AU | Crooks, Kevin |
| SO | Southwestern Naturalist |
| PY | 1994 |
| PD | 1994 |
| VL | 39 |
| IS | 3 |
| PS | 257-262 |
| BP | 257 |
| EP | 262 |
| AB | The island spotted skunk and island fox of Santa Cruz Island are insular endemics whose continued existences are uncertain and about which little is known. Through trapping, I evaluated relative abundance, sex ratio, age structure, and variation in weight according to age, sex, and season for both species. Foxes were abundant and easily captured (23% overall trap success), while skunks were rare and difficult to capture (0.57% overall trap success). Male:female ratios for both species did not differ significantly from 1:1. Age distribution of foxes revealed a large number of young individuals, possibly reflecting a rapidly growing population in response to cessation of a prolonged drought. Average weight for skunks was 620 g for males and 500 g for females. Average weight for foxes was 2.00 kg for adult males and 1.88 kg for adult females; males consistently weighed more than females across all age classes and seasons. Fox pups grew rapidly, reaching full weight as young adults in their first winter. The low rate of success in trapping skunks, in conjunction with data from visual sightings, suggests the relative rarity of the island spotted skunk on Santa Cruz Island and warrants further monitoring of the subspecies. |
| SN | 0038-4909 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199396097447 |
| TI | Historical patterns of vagrancy by blue-gray gnatcatchers in New England |
| AU | Ellison, Walter G. |
| SO | Journal of Field Ornithology |
| PY | 1993 |
| VL | 64 |
| IS | 3 |
| PS | 358-366 |
| BP | 358 |
| EP | 366 |
| AB | The pattern of occurrence of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea) during its recent range expansion into New England is examined. Prior to widespread nesting in New England beginning in the 1970s the species was a rare vagrant in spring and autumn. Significant differences were observed between seasons in the frequency of occurrence of vagrants at coastal and inland sites from 1937 to 1960. Coastal reports predominated in both seasons but inland reports were more frequent in spring. It is proposed that spring vagrants overshot the breeding range on a broader front than autumn reverse migrants. Autumn vagrancy does not presage range expansion whereas an increase in spring vagrancy does. |
| SN | 0273-8570 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199396097446 |
| TI | Nests and nest sites of the San Miguel Island song sparrow |
| AU | Kern, Michael D.; Sogge, Mark K.; Kern, Robert B.; Van Riper, Charles, III |
| SO | Journal of Field Ornithology |
| PY | 1993 |
| VL | 64 |
| IS | 3 |
| PS | 367-381 |
| BP | 367 |
| EP | 381 |
| AB | Nests and nest sites of the San Miguel Island (SMI) Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia micronyx) are described; nests are compared with those of 16 other races of Song Sparrows. Bush lupins (Lupinus albifrons), coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis) and golden bush (Haplopappus venetus) were the shrubs used most commonly as nest sites by Song Sparrows on SMI. As a result of its location, the nest was effectively concealed from gray foxes (Urocyon littoralis), the major predator of this sparrow. Nest and nest site also moderated the combined chilling effects of cool air temperatures and strong northwesterly winds on the eggs and nestlings. Even in the absence of these moderating effects of the nest site, the energetic cost of incubation, estimated at 41-53% of the sparrow's resting metabolic rate, was modest. Twenty-nine percent of the canopy above the nest was open and as much as 73% of the nest cup was in the sun at midday, a time when surface temperatures of foliage, nest and nestlings sometimes exceeded 40 C. Whereas this exposure did not apparently reduce fledging success, it may explain why the incidence of addled eggs was so high in this population of Song Sparrows compared to others. Significant differences existed among races of Song Sparrows in the size, porosity and insulation of the nest. In most cases, these differences were not related to the latitude of the races' nesting areas. |
| SN | 0273-8570 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199395076680 |
| TI | Photopigments of dogs and foxes and their implications for canid vision |
| AU | Jacobs, Gerald H.; Deegan, Jess F. Ii; Crognale, Michael A.; Fenwick, John A. |
| SO | Visual Neuroscience |
| PY | 1993 |
| VL | 10 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 173-180 |
| BP | 173 |
| EP | 180 |
| AB | Electroretinogram (ERG) flicker photometry was used to examine the photopigment complements of representatives of four genera of Canid: domestic dog (Canis familiaris), Island gray for (Urocyon littoralis), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). These four genera share a common cone pigment complement; each has one cone pigment with peak sensitivity of about 555 nm and a second cone pigment with peak at 430-435 nm. These pigment measurements accord well with the conclusions of an earlier investigation of color vision in the dog, and this fact allows some predictions about color vision in the wild canids. An additional set of measurements place the peak of the dog rod pigment at about 508 nm. |
| SN | 0952-5238 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199294100381 |
| TI | INTERACTION BETWEEN ISLAND FOXES UROCYON-LITTORALIS AND NATIVE AMERICANS ON ISLANDS OFF THE COAST OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA II. ETHNOGRAPHIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL EVIDENCE |
| AU | COLLINS P W |
| SO | Journal of Ethnobiology |
| PY | 1991 |
| VL | 11 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 205-229 |
| BP | 205 |
| EP | 229 |
| AB | Interactions which existed between Native Americans and island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) were examined using data gathered from archaeological, ethnographic, and ethnohistoric sources to ascertain how Native Americans viewed and used foxes and thus why they transported and introduced them to islands off the coast of southern California [USA]. Island foxes were harvested for their pelts which were used to make arrow-quivers, capes, blankets, and ceremonial fox dance headdresses. Although foxes were not an important staple in the diet of the inhabitants of the Channel Islands, they were kept as pets or semidomesticates and did play a prominent role in religious and ceremonial practices. The Island Chumash conducted an Island Fox Dance ceremony and foxes served as totems, dream-helpers, and characters in Chumash legends. Human-fox burial associations and ceremonial fox burials attest to the religious and ceremonial significance afforded foxes by Native Americans. I conclude, based on this data, that island foxes from the Northern Channel Islands were initially transported as pets and subsequently became feral on the Southern Channel Islands. |
| SN | 0278-0771 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199294026811 |
| TI | A SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF THE ISLAND FOX UROCYON-LITTORALIS ON THE CHANNEL ISLANDS CALIFORNIA |
| AU | GARCELON D K; WAYNE R K; GONZALES B J |
| SO | Journal of Wildlife Diseases |
| PY | 1992 |
| VL | 28 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 223-229 |
| BP | 223 |
| EP | 229 |
| AB | The island fox is listed as a threatened species in California. A serology survey of 194 island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) was conducted over the entire range of the species on the Channel Islands (California, USA). Antibody prevalence against canine adenovirus and canine parovirus reached 97% and 59%, respectively, in some populations sampled. Antibody prevalence of canin herpesvirus, canine coronavirus, leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis were low. Antibodies against canine distemper virus were not detected. |
| SN | 0090-3558 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199293085726 |
| TI | A MORPHOLOGIC AND GENETIC STUDY OF THE ISLAND FOX UROCYON-LITTORALIS |
| AU | WAYNE R K; GEORGE S B; GILBERT D; COLLINS P W; KOVACH S D; GIRMAN D; LEHMAN N |
| SO | Evolution |
| PY | 1991 |
| VL | 45 |
| IS | 8 |
| PS | 1849-1868 |
| BP | 1849 |
| EP | 1868 |
| AB | The Island Fox, Urocyon littoralis, is a dwarf form found on six of the Channel Islands located 30-98 km off the coast of southern California [USA]. The island populations differ in two variables that affect genetic varation: effective population size and duration of isolation. We estimate that the effective population size of foxes on the islands varies from approximately 150 to 1,000 individuals. Archeological and geological evidence suggests that foxes likely arrived on the three northern island minimally 10,400-16,000 years ago and dispersed to the three southern islands 2,200-4,300 years ago. We use morphometrics, allozyme electrophoresis, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction-site analysis, and analysis of hypervariable minisatellite DNA to measure variability within and distances among island fox populations. The amount of within-population variation is lowest for the smallest island populations and highest for the mainland population. However, the larger populations are sometimes less variable, with respect to some genetic measures, than expected. No distinct trends of variability with founding time are observed. Genetic distances among the island populations, as estimated by the four techniques, are not well correlated. The apparent lack of correspondence among techniques may reflect the effects of mutation rate and colonization history on the values of each genetic measure. |
| SN | 0014-3820 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199293059260 |
| TI | INTERACTION BETWEEN ISLAND FOXES UROCYON-LITTORALIS AND INDIANS ON ISLANDS OFF THE COAST OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA I. MORPHOLOGIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF HUMAN ASSISTED DISPERSAL |
| AU | COLLINS P W |
| SO | Journal of Ethnobiology |
| PY | 1991 |
| VL | 11 |
| IS | 1 |
| PS | 51-81 |
| BP | 51 |
| EP | 81 |
| AB | The island fox, Urocyon littoralis, occurs on six widely separated islands off the coast of Southern California. Using cranial morphometrics, present day samples from of each of the six island populations and archaeological samples from four of the islands were examined for patterns of geographic variation. Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to clarify evolutionary relationships. Morphometric analyses revealed that morphometrical divergence in the Northern Channel Island populations is consistent with their spatial distribution and known geological history, whereas the Southern Channel Island populations showed no such concordance. Phenetic affinities of archaeologically obtained island fox material, together with occurrence of island fox bone material only in Middle to Late Period sites in the Southern Channel Island suggests that Indians were probably responsible for establishing foxes on San Clemente, Santa Catalina and San Nicolas Islands. Data in the archaeological record were used to determine when Indians would have dispersed island foxes. Examination of the fox remains in Channel Island archaeological sites revealed that foxes were present on the Northern Channel Islands prior to the arrival of Indians 9,000-10,000 years ago. On the Southern Channel Islands foxes do not appear in the archaeological record until about 3,400-3,800 years ago on Santa Catalina and San Clemente Islands and 2,200 years ago on San Nicolas Island. Results of morphometric and archaeological analyses both support a fairly recent, post-Holocene introduction of foxes from the Northern Channel Islands to the Southern Channel Islands by Indians. |
| SN | 0278-0771 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD199090133166 |
| TI | NATURAL HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SAN CLEMENTE LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE |
| AU | SCOTT T A; MORRISON M L |
| SO | Proceedings of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology |
| PY | 1990 |
| VL | 4 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 23-57 |
| BP | 23 |
| EP | 57 |
| AB | We studied an endangered subspecies of the Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) endemic to San Clemente Island (hereafter referred to as the Island), 80 km off the coast of southern California. The small size of this shrike population and its isolation from other land masses are characteristic of bird populations on islands throughout the world. Biogeographical factors shaped the distribution of this subspecies, but human actions, specifically the introduction of exotic species, have altered the ecosystem of San Clemente Island and subsequently jeopardized the shrike's existence. Minimum estimates of the breeding population were: 11 pairs in 1985 and 1986, 8 pairs in 1987, and 5 pairs in 1988. The majority of pairs were concentrated in the southwestern canyons of the Island, with a density of about 1 pair/4.5 km of canyon. Shrikes were observed in approximately 15% of island quadrats surveyed each year. Historical records suggest that shrikes in the early 1900's occupied a larger portion of the Island than the present population. Given the current occupancy rate of nesting areas by breeding shrikes (2.1 .+-. 0.20 [SE] years/adult), we suggest that shrike productivity on the Island (1.26 .+-. 0.19 [SE] young/pair/year) is too low to maintain the population and may contribute to the extinction of the subspecies. Predation is a critical factor in the decline of shrikes on the Island. Common Ravrens (Corvus corax) took eggs and young; feral Domestic Cats (Felis catus) and Island Foxes (Urocyon littoralis) took nestlings and incubating adults; 49% of all nests were depredated. Mortality of shrike young between hatching and 35 days of age was higher than that reported in mainland populations; approximately 45% of Island fledglings died before attaining independence. Nesting attempts of shrikes on the Island produced 0.93 .+-. 0.14 young/pair/year. Although successful nests produced 2.33 .+-. 0.34 (SE) fledglings per attempt, only 1.82 .+-. 0.18 (SE) fledglings per successful attempt survived to independence (approximately 35 days after hatching). Shrikes only nested in shrub species over 2 m tall, including lemonade berry (Rhus integrifolia), island cherry (Prunus lyonii), and toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia). Older stems (> 45 yrs) dominated shrubs in nesting areas suggesting low recruitment of young shurbs and canopy damage caused by feral Domestic Goass (Capra hircus). Unless goats are removed from the Island, nesting habitat will continue to be destroyed as shrubs suitable for nesting cannot be replaced at the rate of loss. The overall foraging efficiency of Island shrikes in capture rate, distances traveled during foraging, and prey sizes taken were lower than those observed in other studies for mainland populations. Foraging areas averaged 34 .+-. 12 (SD) ha during breeding seasons, about twice as large as foraging areas reported for other shrike populations. However, the success rate of shrikes foraging on the Island equaled that of mainland shrikes and we found no differences in breeding behavior or reproductive success that could be attributed to foraging efficiency. Island shrikes were opportunistic; we found over 88 genera of prey in regurgitated pellets (n = 715). The most numerous prey items (total of approximately 6,500 items) in pellets were earwigs (Forficula sp.) (17.1%), ants (Formicidae) (13.9%), crickets (Gryllus sp.) (13.1%), grasshoppers (Acrididae) (8.7%), and Sideblotched Lizards (Uta stansburiana) (6.7%). About 66% of the plant cover in shrike foraging areas consisted of species exotic to the Island. The Island, however, was overgrazed by feral goats and domestic livestock (cattle, sheep, and horses) for 50 years before the decline of the shrike population. The conversion of maritime desert scrub habitats into annual grasslands and exotic species probably exacerbates problems of nesting habitat depletion and depredation of shrike young, but has not been the primary reason for the decline of shrikes on the Island. Effective management of this subspecies necessitates the eliminati. |
| SN | 0511-7550 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD198784057083 |
| TI | NEW RECORDS OF CHEWING LICE MALLOPHAGA TRICHODECTIDAE FOUND ON NORTH AMERICAN WILD FOXES NORTH OF MEXICO |
| AU | EMERSON K C; PRICE R D |
| SO | Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |
| PY | 1987 |
| VL | 60 |
| IS | 2 |
| PS | 332-333 |
| BP | 332 |
| EP | 333 |
| AB | A summary of trichodectid records is given for the five species of North American foxes, including finding Neotrichodectes mephitidis (Packard), a common louse on the Striped Skunk, on the Island Gray Fox from three of the off-shore Channel Islands and on the Gray Fox in Santa Barbara County, California [USA]. |
| SN | 0022-8567 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD197865040044 |
| TI | CALICIVIRUS ANTIBODIES IN WILD FOX POPULATIONS |
| AU | PRATO C M; AKERS T G; SMITH A W |
| SO | Journal of Wildlife Diseases |
| PY | 1977 |
| VL | 13 |
| IS | 4 |
| PS | 448-450 |
| BP | 448 |
| EP | 450 |
| AB | Three populations of wild foxes were sampled for serum neutralizing antibody to calcivirus (San Miguel sea lion virus) types 1-5. Neutralizing activity was detected in serum from gray foxes [Urocyon littoralis] resident on Santa Cruz Island, California, USA, but not in Arctic foxes [Alopex lagopus] from Alaska, USA. The results indicate that foxes may be naturally infected with caliciviruses, but their role in the transmission cycle is unknown. |
| SN | 0090-3558 |
| ER |
| PT | J |
| UT | BIOABS:BACD197763006958 |
| TI | NEW EVIDENCE ON THE ORIGIN OF THE FOX UROCYON-LITTORALIS-CLEMENTAE AND FERAL GOATS ON SAN-CLEMENTE ISLAND CALIFORNIA USA |
| AU | JOHNSON D L |
| SO | Journal of Mammalogy |
| PY | 1975 |
| VL | 56 |
| IS | 4 |
| PS | 925-928 |
| BP | 925 |
| EP | 928 |
| AB | The fox (U. littoralis clementae) was present on San Clemente Island [California, USA] in prehistoric time and, contrary to one published account, was not originally introduced to the island by western man in 1875. A pair of U. littoralis catalinae from Catalina Island may have been brought to San Clemente at this time. Conclusions about the 1st introductions of goats to San Clemente cannot be considered definite or unequivocal. Because several early reports omitted mention of goats but listed foxes and feral sheep, and because goats presumably were brought to San Clemente Island in 1875, the latter date probably marks the time of their introduction. Sheep were introduced to the island prior to 1862. |
| SN | 0022-2372 |
| ER |
| EF |