Island Fox photo: Gary Roemer (used with permission)
Island Fox photo: Gary Roemer (used with permission)
By: Howard O. Clark, Jr. Last updated February 21, 2009. If you know of references not listed here, I would appreciate it if you would drop me a note at howard.clark.jr@gmail.com.
I am a wildlife ecologist for H. T. Harvey & Associates. My primary focus is studying the Endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) and the red fox (V. vulpes). I am interested in all foxes and carnivores, and have a special interest in compiling a list of mainstream scientific journal references for the endangered Island Fox, which has six recognized subspecies:
Endangered:
1. San Miguel Island fox (U. l. littoralis; Baird 1858)
2. Santa Rosa Island fox (U. l. santarosae; Grinnell and Linsdale 1930)
3. Santa Cruz Island fox (U. l. santacruzae; Merriam 1903)
4. Santa Catalina Island fox (U. l. catalinae; Merriam 1903)
Species of Concern:
1. San Clemente Island fox (U. l. clementae; Merriam 1903)
2. San Nicolas Island fox (U. l. dickeyi; Grinnell and Linsdale 1930)
2001 Federal Register / Vol. 66, No. 237, pages 63654 - 63665
2004 Federal Register / Vol. 69, No. 044, pages 10335 - 10353
2004 Federal Register / Vol. 69, No. 194, pages 60134 - 60138
Click here for peer-reviewed abstracts. I also have an interest in papers regarding Cozumel Island fox (Urocyon sp.) dwarfism. The species name, littoralis, is from the Latin meaning "of the seashore".
Aguilar, A., G. Roemer, S. Debenham, M. Binns, D. Garcelon, and R. K. Wayne. 2004. High MHC diversity maintained by balancing selection in an otherwise genetically monomorphic mammal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101:3490-3494.
Alcover, J. A., and M. McMinn. 1994. Predators of Vertebrates on Islands. BioScience 44:12-18.
Angulo, E., G. W. Roemer, L. Berec, J. Gascoigne, and F. Courchamp. 2007. Double allee effects and extinction in the island fox. Conservation Biology 21:1082-1091.
Asa, C. S., J. E. Bauman, T. J. Coonan, and M. M. Gray. 2007. Evidence for induced estrus or ovulation in a canid, the island fox (Urocyon littoralis). Journal of Mammalogy 88:436-440.
Baird, S. F. 1857 [1858]. Mammals in Reports of explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Beverly Tucker, Printer, Washington D.C., 8(part 1):1-757 + pps. 143-145.
Bennett, S. G. 1987. Medically important and other ectoparasitic acarines on vertebrates from Santa Catalina Island, California. Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecologists 12:534-538.
Caut, S., G. W. Roemer, J. Donlan, and F. Courchamp. 2006. Coupling stable isotopes with bioenergetics to estimate interspecific interactions. Ecological Applications 16:1893-1900.
Clifford, D. L., J. A. K. Mazet, E. J. Dubovi, D. K. Garcelon, T. J. Coonan, P. A. Conrad, and L. Munson. 2006. Pathogen exposure in endangered island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations: Implications for conservation management. Biological Conservation 131:230-243.
Clifford, D. L., R. Woodroffe, D. K. Garcelon, S. F. Timm and J. A. K. Mazet. 2007. Using pregnancy rates and perinatal mortality to evaluate the success of recovery strategies for endangered island foxes. Animal Conservation 10:442-451.
Collins, P. W. 1991. Interaction between island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) and Native Americans on islands off the coast of southern California. I. Morphologic and Archaeological evidence of human assisted dispersal. Journal of Ethnobiology 11:51-81.
Collins, P. W. 1991. Interaction between island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) and Native Americans on islands off the coast of southern California. II. Ethnographic, Archaeological, and historical evidence. Journal of Ethnobiology 11:205-229.
Collins, P. W. 1993. Taxonomic and Biogeographic Relationships of the Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis) and Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) from Western North America. Pages 351-390 in: Hochberg, F. G., ed. Proceedings of the Third California Islands Symposium: Recent Advances in Research on the California Islands. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History/Santa Barbara, California.
Coonan, T. J. 2001. Jumping the gun: island fox recovery efforts at Channel Islands National Park in: Harmon, D., editor. Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands. Hancock, Michigan: The George Wright Society.
Coonan, T. J., C. A. Schwemm, G. W. Roemer, and G. Austin. 2000. Population decline of island foxes (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) on San Miguel Island. Pages 289-297 in: Browne, D.R., K.L. Mitchell and H.W. Chaney, editors. Proceedings of the Fifth Channel Islands Symposium. U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Pacific OCS Region, Camarillo, CA.
Coonan, T. J., C. A. Schwemm, G. W. Roemer, D. K. Garcelon, and L. Munson. 2005. Decline of an island fox subspecies to near extinction. The Southwestern Naturalist 50: 32-41.
Courchamp, F., R. Woodroffe, and G. Roemer. 2003. Removing Protected Populations to save Endangered Species. Science 302:1532.
Crooks, K. 1994. Demography and status of the island fox and island spotted skunk on Santa Cruz Island, California. The Southwestern Naturalist 39:257-262.
Crooks, K. R., C. A. Scott, L. Bowen, and D. Van Vuren. 2000. Hematology and serum chemistry of the island fox on Santa Cruz Island. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36:397-404.
Crooks, K. R., C. A. Scott, and D. H. Van Vuren. 2001. Exotic disease and an insular endemic carnivore, the island fox. Biological Conservation 98:55-60.
Crooks, K. R. and D. Van Vuren. 1995. Resource utilization by two insular endemic mammalian carnivores, the island fox and island spotted skunk. Oecologia 104:301-307.
Crooks, K. R. and D. Van Vuren. 1996. Spatial organization of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) on Santa Cruz Island, California. Journal of Mammalogy 77:801-806.
Cuaron, A. D., M. A. Martinez-Morales, K. W. McFadden, D. Valenzuela, and M. E. Compper. 2004. The status of dwarf carnivores on Cozumel Island, Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation 13:317-331.
Dratch, P., T. Coonan, and D. Graber. 2004. Predators and Prey in the Channel Islands. Science 205:777.
Erlandson, J. M., T. C. Rick, P. W. Collins, and D. A. Guthrie. 2007. Archaeological implications of a bald eagle nesting site at Ferrelo Point, San Miguel Island, California. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:255-271.
Faulkner, C. T., S. Patton, L. Munson, E. M. Johnson, and T. J. Coonan. 2001. Angiocaulus gubernaculatus in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) from the California Channel Islands and comments on the diagnosis of angiostrongylidae nematodes in canid and mustelid hosts. Journal of Parasitology 87:1174-1176.
Fewkes, J. W. 1889. Across the Santa Barbara Channel. The American Naturalist 23(268):211-217.
Fewkes, J. W. 1889. Across the Santa Barbara Channel (concluded). The American Naturalist 23(269):387-394.
Frankham, R. 1998. Inbreeding and extinction: island populations. Conservation Biology 12:665-675.
Garcelon, D. K., G. W. Roemer, R. B. Phillips, and T. J. Coonan. 1999. Food provisioning by island foxes, Urocyon littoralis, to conspecifics caught in traps. Southwestern Naturalist 44:83-86.
Garcelon, D. K., R. K Wayne, and B. J Gonzales. 1992. A serologic survey of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) on the Channel Islands, California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28: 223-229.
George, S. B. and R. K. Wayne. 1991. Island foxes. a model for conservation genetics. Terra 30:18-23.
Gibson, L. 2006. The role of lethal control in managing the effects of apparent competition on endangered prey species. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34:1220-1224.
Gilbert, D. A., N. Lehman, S. J. O'Brien, and R. K. Wayne. 1990. Genetic fingerprinting reflects population differentiation in the channel island fox. Nature 344:764-767.
Goldstein, D. B., G. W. Roemer, D. A. Smith, D. E. Reich, A. Bergman, and R. K. Wayne. 1999. The use of microsatellite variation to infer population structure and demographic history in a natural model system. Genetics 151:797-801.
Gompper, M. E., A. E. Petrites, and R. L. Lyman. 2006. Cozumel Island fox (Urocyon sp.) dwarfism and possible divergence history based on subfossil bones. Journal of Zoology 270:72–77.
Gordon, L., and P. R. England. 1999. Statistical analysis of microsatellite DNA data. Tree 14:253-256.
Grinnell, J., and L. M. Linsdale. 1930. Two new foxes from the southern California Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 43:153-156.
Grinnell, J., J. S. Dixon, and L. M. Linsdale. 1937. Fur-bearing mammals of California: their natural history, systematic status, and relations to man. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2:452-471.
Hale, A., Salls, R., 2000. The canine ceremony: dog and fox burials of San Clemente Island. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 36:80-112.
Hedrick, P. 2004. Foxy MHC selection story. Heredity 93:237-238.
Helgen, K. M. 2004. Predators and prey in the Channel Islands. Science 205:777-778.
Johnson, D. L. 1975. New evidence in the origin of the fox, Urocyon littoralis clementae, and feral goats on San Clemente, Island, California. Journal of Mammalogy 56:925-928.
Jones, K. L., D. H. Van Vuren, and K. R. Crooks. 2008. Sudden increase in a rare endemic carnivore: ecology of the island spotted skunk. Journal of Mammalogy 89:75-86.
Kohmann, S. G., G. A. Schmidt, and D. K. Garcelon. 2005. A population viability analysis for the island fox on Santa Catalina Island, California. Ecological Modelling 183:77-94.
Laughrin, L. 1973. The island fox. Environment Southwest 458:6-9.
Meighan, C. W., and H. Eberhart. 1953. Archaeological Resources of San Nicolas Island, California. American Antiquity 19:109-125.
Merriam, C. H. 1903. Eight new mammals from the United States. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16:73-78.
Milius, S. 2004. Fox Selection. Science News 165:132-133.
Miller, G. S., Jr. 1899. Descriptions of two new gray foxes. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 51:276-280.
Moore, C. M., and P. W. Collins. 1995. Urocyon littoralis. Mammalian Species 489:1-7.
Namekata, M. S., D. L. Clifford, R. W. Kasten, J. B. Henn, D. K. Garcelon, T. J. Coonan, and B. B. Chomel. 2008. Seroprevalence of Bartonella spp. in the endangered island fox (Urocyon littoralis). Veterinary Microbiology, In Press, Corrected Proof.
Padgett, K. A., and W. M. Boyce. 2005. Ants as first intermediate hosts of Mesocestoides on San Miguel Island, USA. Journal of Helminthology 79:67-73.
Parker, J. A. 2002. Channel island fox recovery efforts. Endangered Species UPDATE. 19:58-61.
Pearson, O. P. 1951. Additions to the fauna of Santa Cruz Island, California, with description of a new subspecies of Reithrodontomys megalotis. Journal of Mammalogy 32:366-368.
Petrosyan, V. G., O. N. Tokarskaya, T. A. Kashentseva, L. I. Korochkin, and A. P. Ryskov. 2003. Assessment of population differentiation using DNA fingerprinting and modified Wright's FST-statistics. Russian Journal of Genetics 39:172-177.
Phillips, R. B., C. S. Winchell, and R. H. Schmidt. 2007. Dietary overlap of an alien and native carnivore on San Clemente Island, California. Journal of Mammalogy 88:173-180.
Rick, T. C., J. M. Erlandson, R. L. Vellanoweth, T. J. Braje, P. W. Collins, D. A. Guthrie, and T. W. Stafford Jr. 2009. Origins and antiquity of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) on California's Channel Islands. Quaternary Research. in press.
Roemer, G. W., and C. J. Donlan. 2004. Biology, policy, and law in endangered species conservation: I. The case history of the island fox on the northern channel islands. Endangered Species UPDATE 21:23-31.
Roemer, G. W., and C. J. Donlan. 2005. Biology, policy, and law in endangered species conservation: II. A case history in adaptive management of the island fox on Santa Catalina Island, California. Endangered Species UPDATE 22:144-156.
Roemer, G. W., and R. K. Wayne. 2003. Conservation in conflict: the tale of two endangered species. Conservation Biology 17:1251-1260.
Roemer, G. W., C. J. Donlan, and F. Courchamp. 2002. Golden eagles, feral pigs, and insular carnivores: how exotic species turn native predators into prey. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:791-796.
Roemer, G. W., T. J. Coonan, D. K. Garcelon, J. Bascompte, and L. Laughrin. 2001. Feral pigs facilitate hyperpredation by golden eagles and indirectly cause the decline of the island fox. Animal Conservation 4:307-318.
Roemer, G. W., T. J. Coonan, D. K. Garcelon, C. H. Starbird, and J. W. McCall. 2000. Spatial and temporal variation in the seroprevalence of canine heartworm antigen in the island fox. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36:723-728.
Roemer, G. W., D. K. Garcelon, T. J. Coonan, and C. Schwemm. 1994. The use of capture-recapture methods for estimating, monitoring and conserving island fox populations. Pp. 387-400 in: W. L. Halvorsen and G. J. Maender, editors. The Fourth California Islands Symposium: update on the status of resources. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA.
Roemer, G. W., D. A. Smith, D. K. Garcelon, and R. K Wayne. 2001. The behavioural ecology of the island fox. Journal of Zoology, London 255:1-14.
Roemer, G. W., R. Woodroffee, and F. Courchamp. 2004. Predators and prey in the channel islands. Science 205:778.
Schutz, H., P. D. Polly, J. D. Krieger, and R. P. Guralnick. 2009. Differential sexual dimorphism: Size and shape in the cranium and pelvis of grey foxes (Urocyon). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 96:339-353.
Shelley, S. D. 2001. Archaeological evidence of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) on California’s Channel Islands. Statistical Research Technical Report 98-12, Tucson. Prepared for Naval Air Weapons Station, Point Mugu.
Thorne, R. F. 1969. Tropical Island Biogeography: The Missouri Botanical Garden's Sixteenth Annual Systematics Symposium. The California Islands. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 56:391-408.
Vellanoweth, R. 1998. Earliest island fox remains on the southern channel islands: evidence from San Nicolas Island, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 20:100-108.
Voge, M. 1953. New host records for mesocestoides (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidae) in California. American Midland Naturalist 49: 249-251.
Wayne, R. K., and P. A. Morin. 2004. Conservation genetics in the new molecular age. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:89–97.
Wayne, R. K., S. B. George, D. Gilbert, P. W. Collins, S. D. Kovach, D. Girman, and N. Lehman. 1991. A morphologic and genetic study of the island fox, Urocyon littoralis. Evolution 45:1849-1868.
---
Special thanks to Dr. Roemer for providing me with his most recent publications!